Human Development
Throughout the Lifespan
Social
-> Psychosocial
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological Systems Theory
Microsystem
Family
School
Peers
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Culture
Chronosystem
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism
Social Learning Theory
Attention
Distractions decrease capability to learn
Retention
Storage of what is seen through mental images
Reproduction
Ability to imitate improves with practice
This is true even during imagination
Motivation
Past reinforcement/punishment
Promised reinforcement/punishment
Vicarious reinforcement/punishment
Psychological
-> Psychosocial
Erik Erikson
Personality Development Theory
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
-> Emotional
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Sigmund Freud
-> Personality Development Theory
Psychoanalytical Theory
Id
Ego
<- Autonomous decision-making process ...
Superego
-> Psychosocial
Moral Development Theory
Robert Coles
Children primarily develop morals through observation
Moral conclusions reflect socities lived in
Lawrence Kohlberg
Pre Conventional
Obedience and Punishment
Individualism
Conventional
Approval
Law and Order
Post-Conventional
Social Contact
Principled Conscience
Carol Gilligan
Gender-Based Morals
Women are nurturers
Men as logical
Identity and Personality Development
Carl Rogers
Reaching the "Good life" requires criteria to be met
Growing openness to experience
Live each moment fully
Trust of personal judgement
Freedom of choice
Creative
Reliable
Self -concept
A process, and its own entity
Perceptions of "I" to others
Conditional vs unconditional positive feedback
Unconditional environment allows actualization
Conditional environment causes worthiness to be dependent on others
James Marcia
Identity Theory
<-> Identity vs. Role Confusion
"Identity achievement" is due to crisis
Identity Statuses
Foreclosure
Blind acceptance of ideologies or values from society
'Pseudo-identity' is too rigid to meet future crises
Identity Diffusion
No progress is made in life decisions
Lack of commitment, unresolved identity crisis
Moratorium
Little commitment to ideologies but some experimentation
Ongoing identity crisis and examination of alternate life choices
Identity achievement
<-> "Identity achievement" is due to cr...
Clarity and development of identity
Direction in terms of goals
Autonomous decision-making process formed by ego identity
Emotional
Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby
Attachment Theory
Secure attachment
Comfortable with parent
Feels secure and loved
Can develop relationships with others
Copes with stress and anxiety
Self-reliant
Ambivalent attachment
Turns away from parent
Trust issues
Lack ability to receive affection
Avoidant attachment
Resistant or hostile toward parent
Trust issues
Lack ability to receive affection
Harry Harlow
Harry Harlow's Rhesus Monkey studies
-> Attachment Theory
Psychosocial
-> Reciprocal Determinism
Lev Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development
More knowledgeable other
Social Learning Theory
Nurture over Nature